Abstract
As it falls, the hydrothermal fluid leaches metals and precipitates minerals. Hydrothermal oreforming fluids are multicomponent aqueous electrolyte solutions that carry gold to ore-depositing environments deep inside the Earth's crust. Hydrothermal ore deposits account for a major share of the world's natural gold endowment. Changes in the chemical and physical environment through which the hydrothermal ore fluid migrates cause the deposition of elemental gold and goldcontaining minerals. A buoyantly rising hydrothermal fluid may come into contact with a permeable zone, causing volatile phase separation and/or boiling, or a deep fluid may come into contact with and mix with colder, steam-heated water with a lower pH. The changing stability of the gold-containing complex ions in reaction to these new conditions determines whether or not gold precipitates in certain scenarios. As a result, hydrothermal gold deposition can occur over a wide range of temperature, pressure, and fluid composition, encompassing varied habitats. Other common minerals, including as quartz, hematite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, calcite, and barite, are frequently precipitated or pulled out of the fluid when the gold is deposited. The gold is referred to as ore, and the other minerals are referred to as gangue. The axial zonation of gold-bearing mineral ore parageneses includes the association of indicator elements of Au, Ag, As, Sb, Pb, Zn, Cu, Bi, Mo, Be, and Co, whereas the association of Au, Ag, As, Sb, Pb, Zn, Cu, Bi, Mo, Be, and Co is thought to be the transverse zonation of the primary haloes. The regional metallogenic units are structural-metallogenic zones with varying degrees of mineralization. Understanding hydrothermal changes is critical because it provides insight into the genesis of ore fluids as well as the chemical and physical properties of ore deposit development.
Keywords: Hydrothermal fluid, alteration, gold deposition, mineral parageneses.
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